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Task 3 EDITING

Mise-en-Scene

Literally translated as 'staging in action', it originated in thatre and is used in film to refer to everything that goes into the composition of a shot-framing, movement of the camera and characters, lighting, set design, the visual environment and sound. 

Representation

Representation is how media products construct and present the content contained in their narratives. This representation may be of individuals (such as celebrities or those society becomes interested in); different groups in society (such as gender, age, national and regional identity)' social issues (such as housing, the treatment of refugees); ideas and values (such as democracy, marriage) etc. 

Media products have the power to shape not only audience awareness of these things but their knowledge and understanding of them. This makes media institutions and their products very powerful in terms of influencing society's ideas and attitudes. 

Hegemony

Newspapers have a vested interest in representing events, groups, and individuals in a manner that supports, sustains and nurtures the status quo and continued hegemony of which they and their owners are a key part. 

We live in a society and culture where there are power structures. According to Gramsci's theory of hegemony, these systems of power cannot be maintained by force alone. People have to do things willingly and happily, in their everyday lives that keep these powerful individuals and groups on top. Coercian alone does not work. If the government threatened to put to execute all those who did not hang the national flag from their homes, that government would be overthrown. 

However, particularly at the time of football or other major sports tournaments, many British citizens hang flags from their homes and from their cars willingly and happily. Such behaviour helps the ruling government remain in power by sustaining ideas of popular nationalism. 

Reception Theory [Stuart Hall]

Hall's work covers issues of hegemony and cultural effects, taking on post-Gramsci stance. He regards language as operating within a framework of power relationships. 

The encoding of a message is the production of the message - the creation of the media product. Hall held that all theoretical models demonstrate that any media product. Hall held that all theoretical models demonstrate that any media product is a system of coded meanings (signs). To create that, the message producers need to understand how the world is seen by the intended audience. 

In the process of encoding, the producer-sender uses signs - images, text, sound, video - as symbols they believe the audience-receiver will understand. How a message will be encoded partially depends on the purpose of the message. 

Cultural theorist Stuart Hall is one of the main proponents of Reception Theory. 

This approach to textual analysis focuses on the scope for 'negotiation' and 'opposition' on the part of the audience. 

This means that a text is not simply passively accepted by the audience, but that audience interprets the meanings of the text based on their individual cultural background and life experiences. 

In essence, the meaning of a text is not inherent within the text itself, but is created within the relationship between the text and the reader.  

David Morley [1992] says that "creators of media content have a preferred reading that they would like the audience to take out of the text. However, the audience might reject it, or negotiate some compromise interpretation between what they think and what the text is saying, or contest what the text says with some alternative interpretation". 

The Italian Job Clip

Self Preservation Society song begins as the scene with the three minis begins. Song continues and swells as each Mini tries to get up the ramp during the highway scene. Once they start unloading the gold the chorus is repeated to the audience, almost in a triumphant-like fashion. During this scene, the use of cross-cutting and parallel editing is incorporated in order to create a sense of drama and urgency.  

In the prison, the camera stays facing Mr Bridger as he makes his way down the aisle and stairs down to the table of food. The prison inmates crowd the sides of the stairs and fill the tables below, the inmates chant Bridger down. The sychronized chanting of the inmates to Bridger creates a diegetic sound for the following scene. 

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